In this conversation, we discuss the evidence for psychotherapy as a whole, the evidence for how the effectiveness of different psychotherapies compare, how to study the drivers of change in psychotherapy (such as the “therapeutic alliance”) and discuss what the current evidence suggests as fruitful avenues for the future of psychotherapeutic research and practice.
My guest today is Dr Chris Letheby, a philosopher working on issues related to psychedelic drugs, who is currently a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Western Australia and a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Adelaide. Chris is also the author of the book Philosophy of Psychedelics, which was published in 2021 by Oxford University Press.
In this conversation we touch on the account given in Chris’ book of the therapeutic benefits of psychedelics, and then go deep into Chris’ account of the phenomenology of psychedelics. This conversation was a lot of fun, and I hope you enjoy it as much as I did.
I also want to explicitly recommend Chris’ book. I think it does an excellent job of drawing together a whole range of different types of research to provide a clear and sophisticated framework for understanding how psychedelics have their therapeutic and transformational effects, and the consequent philosophical implications.
Show Notes
2:45 – The question that Philosophy of Psychedelics is organised around: “Is psychedelic therapy simply foisting a comforting delusion on the sick and dying”?
6:15 – Chris’ theory about what is happening in the psychedelic experience, the hierarchical self-binding account.
16:20 – How the hierarchical self-binding theory accounts for the phenomenology of the mystical experience.
33:10 – How the hierarchical self-binding theory accounts for other remarkable aspects of the psychedelic/mystical experience – the sense that everything is conscious and the sense that the experience is True.
43:50 – How the hierarchical self-binding theory accounts for other remarkable aspects of the psychedelic/mystical experience – the sense of sacredness and the fundamentalness of love.
50:20 – What’s coming up for Chris and what he hopes to see in the next decade of psychedelic research.
My guest today is Ros Knight is a Clinical and Counselling Psychologist with over 25 years experience and the President of the Australian Psychological Society (the largest professional organisation of psychologists in Australia) from 2017-20. Ros is also a NSW Psychology Council Member, a Board Member of the Sydney North Health Network and was the Clinical Director at Macquarie University for nearly 14 years.
Our conversation is something of a guide for people who may be considering getting professional psychological support for the first time. We discuss when to see a psychologist, what to look for in a psychologist, how to know if you and your therapist are a good fit and how to get the most out of therapy.
Show Notes
1:50 – How do you know when you should see a psychologist?
8:40 – What to look for in a therapist?
15:10 – How to approach therapy to get the most out of it?
17:55 – Will therapy be difficult?
19:15 – How to know if you and your therapist are a good fit?
22:00 – When to leave your therapist vs. when to work to save the relationship?
25:00 – Practically, how to find a psychologist in Australia?
29:00 – How to support a friend/family member who we think needs to see someone?
Today we speak with Dr. Tony Rousmaniere, a psychologist in private practice in Seattle and a member of the Clinical Faculty at the University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Tony provides clinical training and supervision to therapists around the world with an emphasis on using deliberate practice to develop the clinical skills that enhance psychotherapy effectiveness. Supporting this work, his research is focused on improving psychotherapy outcomes.
Tony is the author of the books Deliberate Practice for Psychotherapists: A Guide to Improving Clinical Effectiveness, and Mastering the Inner Skills of Psychotherapy: A Deliberate Practice Manual, and co-editor of books The Cycle of Expertise: Using Deliberate Practice in Supervision, Training, and Independent Practice, and Using Technology for Clinical Supervision: A Practical Handbook.
We dive into the research around psychotherapy outcomes and how data and technology can be integrated into the training and practice of psychotherapy.
Show Notes
1:10 – An outline of the history of psychotherapy outcome research.
6:40 – Reflections on the training of psychotherapists.
10:35 – On the use of objective metrics in psychotherapy to confirm progress.
15:00 – On the evidence for the use of objective metrics in psychotherapy.
18:50 – On ‘deliberate practice’ in psychotherapy.
31:05 – On the evidence supporting ‘deliberate practice’ in psychotherapy.
34:55 – Other ways in which might advance psychotherapy outcomes as a field.
37:30 – Efforts to reduce cases where a client interacts with a therapist only once or twice before leaving therapy.
39:40 – On the implications of outcome measurement for the business and economics of psychotherapy.
45:05 – Advice to therapists just starting out.
1:10 – An outline of the history of psychotherapy outcome research.
Historically, research has focused on improving psychotherapy outcomes by trying to determine the most effective psychotherapy models. After thousands of randomised clinical trials on hundreds of psychotherapy models, outcomes from all/most psychotherapy models are roughly equivalent. This highlights the importance of factors common to all/most psychotherapy models, rather than the elements specific to any particular model, as the active ingredients. Research is now shifting to what about the therapist accounts for outcomes, other than the model of therapy they employ.
6:40 – Reflections on the training of psychotherapists.
The usual training and professional development of psychotherapists is largely unchanged from the time of Freud; a mix of intellectual learning and reviewing/discussing sessions with a supervisor. However, the focus of this training is almost totally on conceptual understanding and the process of therapy, with virtually no explicit focus on therapy outcomes. A closer eye on client outcomes can guide training / practice and lead to better client outcomes.
10:35 – On the use of objective metrics in psychotherapy to confirm progress.
Psychotherapy research consistently shows that there is way more variance in client outcomes explained by client and therapist factors, than due to the model of therapy used. This highlights that what is considered evidence-based practice should not only rely on clinical trials of therapy models, but actual therapist performance. The main pushback Ton’y hears against the use of objective metrics is that it’s a hassle.
15:00 – On the evidence for the use of objective metrics in psychotherapy.
The evidence suggests that the use of objective metrics improves outcomes for clients at risk of deterioration. That is, therapists are more able to course correct before the client’s symptoms worsen. But objective metrics tend not to be as effective in enhancing outcomes where a client is improving, perhaps because these measures tend to be more symptom focused rather capturing more subtle, positive outcomes.
18:50 – On ‘deliberate practice’ in psychotherapy.
Deliberate practice is basically the drilling of specific elements of psychotherapy. This is necessary as the evidence shows that therapists do not reliably get better with experience. Deliberate practice involves; 1) Observing work performance, 2) Getting expert feedback on performance, 3) Setting small incremental skill-based goals, 4) Repetitive behavioural rehearsal, and 5) Assessing performance. Objective metrics can inform such deliberate practice.
31:05 – On the evidence supporting ‘deliberate practice’ in psychotherapy.
Small qualitative studies have been completed. Larger more rigorous studies are just getting under way. Interestingly, Tony is not overly optimistic about such studies. We likely have a long way to go to be able to effectively incorporate ‘deliberate practice’; we need to better understand what and how to practice.
34:55 – Other ways in which might advance psychotherapy outcomes as a field.
Tony highlighted mobile-based therapy, which promises on-demand therapy at a lower cost, albeit only suitable in some cases. Also supervision over video conferencing and virtual-reality based training.
37:30 – Efforts to reduce cases where a client interacts with a therapist only once or twice before leaving therapy.
Jonathan Swift and Jennifer Callahan have done research into this question. We need more research done because it remains difficult to effectively match. Instead, the emphasis has been on the need for therapists to be responsive.
39:40 – On the implications of outcome measurement for the business and economics of psychotherapy.
Tony hasn’t seen this yet and would strongly recommend against it. This is likely to compromise outcome data as it is easy enough to game.
45:05 – Advice to therapists just starting out.
Expect failures. Don’t be discouraged by these. Remember that you are only as good as you practice and aim to gradually improve over your career.
Episode References
To learn more about Tony’s work, especially around deliberate practice for psychotherapists, please visit https://www.dpfortherapists.com/
Tony’s books, including Mastering the Inner Skills of Psychotherapy: A Deliberate Practice Manual, Deliberate Practice for Psychotherapists, The Cycle of Excellence: Training, Supervision, and Deliberate Practice, and Using Technology to Enhance Clinical Supervision can be found here.
